Rojas CA, Bertozzi JC, Martinez CR, Whitlow J (2007) Reassessment of the craniocervical junction: normal values on CT. Li G, Passias P, Kozanek M, Shannon BD, Li G, Villamil F, Bono CM, Harris M, Wood KB (2009) Interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of powers ratio for assessment of atlanto-occipital junction: comparison of plain radiography and computed tomography. Powers B, Miller MD, Kramer RS, Martinez S, Gehweiler JA (1979) Traumatic anterior atlanto-occipital dislocation. Sengupta D, Torretti J (2007) Cervical spine trauma. Skalski MR, Matcuk GR, Gibbs WN (2019) The art of interpreting cervical spine radiographs. įesmire FM, Luten RC (1989) The pediatric cervical spine: developmental anatomy and clinical aspects. Piatt JH, Grissom LE (2011) Developmental anatomy of the atlas and axis in childhood by computed tomography. Karwacki GM, Schneider JF (2012) Normal ossification patterns of atlas and axis: a CT study. McAllister AS, Nagaraj U, Radhakrishnan R (2019) Emergent imaging of pediatric cervical spine trauma. Kadom N, Palasis S, Pruthi S, Biffl WL, Booth TN, Desai NK, Falcone RA Jr, Jones JY, Joseph MM, Kulkarni AV, Marin JR, Milla SS, Mirsky DM, Myseros JS, Reitman C, Robertson RL, Ryan ME, Saigal G, Schulz J, Soares BP, Tekes A, Trout AT, Whitehead MT, Karmazyn B (2019) ACR appropriateness criteria® suspected spine trauma-child. īeckmann NM, Chinapuvvula NR, Zhang X, West OC (2020) Epidemiology and imaging classification of pediatric cervical spine injuries: 12-year experience at a level 1 trauma center. Poorman GW, Segreto FA, Beaubrun BM et al (2019) Traumatic fracture of the pediatric cervical spine: etiology, epidemiology, concurrent injuries, and an analysis of perioperative outcomes using the kids’ inpatient database. Hofbauer M, Jaindl M, Höchtl LL, Ostermann RC, Kdolsky R, Aldrian S (2012) Spine injuries in polytraumatized pediatric patients. Kokoska ER, Keller MS, Rallo MC, Weber TR (2001) Characteristics of pediatric cervical spine injuries. Ĭirak B, Ziegfeld S, Knight VM, Chang D, Avellino AM, Paidas CN (2004) Spinal injuries in children. Leonard JR, Jaffe DM, Kuppermann N, Olsen CS, Leonard JC, for the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) Cervical Spine Study Group (2014) Cervical spine injury patterns in children. Patel JC, Tepas JJ, Mollitt DL, Pieper P (2001) Pediatric cervical spine injuries: defining the disease. Mohseni S, Talving P, Branco BC, Chan LS, Lustenberger T, Inaba K, Bass M, Demetriades D (2011) Effect of age on cervical spine injury in pediatric population: a National Trauma Data Bank review. Shin JI, Lee NJ, Cho SK (2016) Pediatric cervical spine and spinal cord injury. It is essential to recognize the unique anatomy and biomechanics of the pediatric spine and thus discern common pediatric CSI patterns and their mimics.Ĭarreon LY, Glassman SD, Campbell MJ (2004) Pediatric spine fractures. MRI serves as an additional tool to exclude or identify injuries when initial findings are equivocal. In the acute setting, CT cervical spine is an appropriate initial imaging modality for pediatric CSI evaluation. While various craniocervical measurements may be utilized to identify craniocervical disruption, soft tissue injuries may be the only manifestation, thus making pediatric CSI difficult to diagnose on initial imaging. The most common pediatric CSI occur in the upper cervical spine owing to the higher fulcrum and larger head at a young age, namely prior to age 9 years, while lower CSI occur more frequently in patients older than 9 years. A literature review was conducted on pediatric CSI, its epidemiology, and the various imaging manifestations and mimics. In this article, we aim to improve the diagnostic accuracy of pediatric CSI by reviewing normal pediatric cervical anatomy, typical pediatric CSI patterns, and common mimics of pediatric CSI. While pediatric cervical spine injuries (CSI) are rare, they are associated with high morbidity and mortality and sometimes require expeditious surgical management.
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